The National Book Award–winning epic chronicle of the creation of the Panama Canal, a first-rate drama of the bold and brilliant engineering feat that was filled with both tragedy and triumph, told by master historian David McCullough.From the Pulitzer Prize–winning author of Truman, here is the national bestselling epic chronicle of the creation of the Panama Canal. In The Path Between the Seas, acclaimed historian David McCullough delivers a first-rate drama of the sweeping human undertaking that led to the creation of this grand enterprise. The Path Between the Seas tells the story of the men and women who fought against all odds to fulfill the 400-year-old dream of constructing an aquatic passageway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is a story of astonishing engineering feats, tremendous medical accomplishments, political power plays, heroic successes, and tragic failures. Applying his remarkable gift for writing lucid, lively exposition, McCullough weaves the many strands of the momentous event into a comprehensive and captivating tale. Winner of the National Book Award for history, the Francis Parkman Prize, the Samuel Eliot Morison Award, and the Cornelius Ryan Award (for the best book of the year on international affairs), The Path Between the Seas is a must-read for anyone interested in American history, the history of technology, international intrigue, and human drama. Read more

Naval intelligence agents working the most dangerous beat in the world – the narco-state of Panama in the late 1980s – struggle to penetrate the dictator’s organization and protect their families on the eve of invasion. Panama, 1989. The once warm relationship between the United States and Panama’s leader, Gen. Manuel Noriega, has eroded dangerously. Newly elected President George H. W. Bush has declared the strongman a drug trafficker and a rigger of elections. Intimidation on the streets is a daily reality for U.S. personnel and their families. The nation is a powder keg.Naval intelligence service agent Rickey Yell has worked the job in Panama since 1986, and lives there with his wife Annya and infant child. Like most NIS agents, he’s a civilian with no military rank with a specialty in working criminal cases. This frees him to work without the handicap of a rigid chain of command. The stakes of such tradecraft are high for the agents and informants alike, with the promise of torture and death for those caught. Disguised as a civilian, Yell routinely encounters Noriega himself at events meant to defuse tensions. The dynamic changes suddenly when Yell inadvertently develops an intelligence source with unparalleled access to the Noriega regime. In an instant, the agent is thrust into a world of spy-versus-spy, of secret meetings and hidden documents. Yell’s source – known as “The Old Man” – warns when Cuban military personnel arrive and identifies anti-American officers within the Panamanian Defense Forces, provides information about an imprisoned CIA asset and helps track Noriega’s movements, agitating for the dictator’s kidnapping. The reports created by Yell and his NIS colleagues shape the decisions made in Washington D.C., CIA headquarters in Langley and the innermost sanctums of the Pentagon.The powder keg is lit on December 16, 1989, when a young U.S. Marine is gunned down at a checkpoint in Panama City. Yell and his cadre of trusted agents deploy immediately to investigate the killing, and what they determine will decide the fate of two nations. With the weight of war on his shoulders, and fully knowing that it will put his family in danger, Yell passes along the information to American generals. When President Bush hears the details they uncover, he orders an invasion that puts Yell’s family, informants and fellow agents directly in harm’s way. Faced with this new horror, Yell must now connive a way to get his family clear without violating orders to keep the looming invasion a secret.Using a blend of research and interviews with the NIS agents who were directly involved, Ghosts of Panama reveals the untold, clandestine story of intelligence professionals placed in a pressure cooker assignment of historic proportions. Read more

Discover the “fascinating and outrageously readable” account of the roguish acts of the first pirates to raid the Pacific in a crusade that ended in a sensational trial back in England—perfect for readers of Nathaniel Philbrick and David McCullough (Douglas Preston, #1 New York Times bestselling author of The Lost City of the Monkey God) The year is 1680, in the heart of the Golden Age of Piracy, and more than three hundred daring, hardened pirates—a potent mix of low-life scallywags and a rare breed of gentlemen buccaneers—gather on a remote Caribbean island. The plan: to wreak havoc on the Pacific coastline, raiding cities, mines, and merchant ships. The booty: the bright gleam of Spanish gold and the chance to become legends. So begins one of the greatest piratical adventures of the era—a story not given its full due until now.Inspired by the intrepid forays of pirate turned Jamaican governor Captain Henry Morgan—yes, that Captain Morgan—the company crosses Panama on foot, slashing its way through the Darien Isthmus, one of the thickest jungles on the planet, and liberating a native princess along the way. After reaching the South Sea, the buccaneers, primarily Englishmen, plunder the Spanish Main in a series of historic assaults, often prevailing against staggering odds and superior firepower. A collective shudder racks the western coastline of South America as the English pirates, waging a kind of proxy war against the Spaniards, gleefully undertake a brief reign over Pacific waters, marauding up and down the continent.With novelistic prose and a rip-roaring sense of adventure, Keith Thomson guides us through the pirates’ legendary two-year odyssey. We witness the buccaneers evading Indigenous tribes, Spanish conquistadors, and sometimes even their own English countrymen, all with the ever-present threat of the gallows for anyone captured. By fusing contemporaneous accounts with intensive research and previously unknown primary sources, Born to Be Hanged offers a rollicking account of one of the most astonishing pirate expeditions of all time. Read more

Discover the Enigmatic World of Panama's Spirits and GhostsStep into the mystique of Panama with this captivating guide to its supernatural realm. Ghosts and Spirits of Panama unveils nearly 100 spirits and ghosts, weaving their haunting tales within the rich tapestry of Panama's history and culture.Explore how Panama’s unique identity has shaped its spectral traditions, offering a one-of-a-kind glimpse into the eerie and enchanting world of the supernatural.From ancient legends to modern apparitions, meet unforgettable figures like La Tepesa, La Tulivieja, and El Chivato, and uncover the secrets of haunted locations like the Panama Canal, Casco Viejo, and Isla Coiba.Delve deeper into Panama's ghostly lore as the book compares its spirits to those around the globe—exploring their age, appearance, messages, and mysteries. Whether you're a seasoned ghost hunter or a curious explorer, Ghosts and Spirits of Panama promises a thrilling journey into the heart of the unknown.Prepare to be captivated. The spirits and ghosts of Panama are waiting. Read more

The Panama Canal was the costliest undertaking in history; its completion in 1914 marked the beginning of the “American Century.” Panama Fever draws on contemporary accounts, bringing the experience of those who built the canal vividly to life. Politicians engaged in high-stakes diplomacy in order to influence its construction. Meanwhile, engineers and workers from around the world rushed to take advantage of high wages and the chance to be a part of history. Filled with remarkable characters, Panama Fever is an epic history that shows how a small, fiercely contested strip of land made the world a smaller place and launched the era of American global dominance. Read more

The construction of the Panama Canal is typically viewed as a marvel of American ingenuity. What is less visible, and less understood, is the project’s dependence on the labor of Black migrant women. The Silver Women shifts the focus of this monumental endeavor to the West Indian women who travelled to Panama, inviting readers to place women’s intimate lives, choices, grief, and ambition at the center of the economic and geopolitical transformation created by the construction of the Panama Canal and U.S. imperial expansion.Joan Flores-Villalobos argues that Black West Indian women made the canal construction possible by providing the indispensable everyday labor of social reproduction. West Indian women built a provisioning economy that fed, housed, and cared for the segregated Black West Indian labor force, in effect subsidizing the construction effort and the racial calculus that separated pay in silver for Black workers and gold for white Americans. But while also subject to racial discrimination and segregation, West Indian women mostly worked outside the umbrella of U.S. canal authorities. They did not hold contracts, had little access to official services and wages, and received pay in both silver and gold. From this position, they found ways to skirt, and at times subvert, the legal, moral, and economic parameters imperial authorities sought to impose on the migrant workforce. West Indian women developed important strategies of claims-making, kinship, community building, and market adaptation that helped them navigate the contradictions and violence of U.S. empire. In the meantime, these strategies of social reproduction nurtured further West Indian migrations, linking Panama to places like Harlem and Santiago de Cuba.The Silver Women is thus a history of Black women’s labor of social reproduction as integral to U.S. imperial infrastructure, the global Caribbean diaspora, and women’s own survival. Read more

Things You Need to Know About PanamaA Fascinating Guide to This Incredible Country in Central AmericaYou can't go wrong with Alex Hutchens’ The History of Panama, the author will take you on a fascinating ride through the wars, battles, intrigue, exploration, and sacrifice embedded in the deep drive for independence and self-sovereignty in Panama’s story! But above all, Alex Hutchens will change the way you think about Panama. Start your journey today.Here’s what you will love about this book:Learn about the different cultures, traditions, and beliefs of the countries that have left their mark on the land.Discover the little-known facts about the Isthmus and why it’s important.Learn about the events that led to the dramatic fall of Panama in the 18th century.Secrets of the World War Two and the National Police.Clashes with the United States and the following invasion of Panama.And much more!The History of Panama is a gripping account of the stories behind the incredible cast of characters that make up the history of this country, and in this guide, we are going to touch on most of them and how they built up the country we know today. Those who are willing to dig a little bit deeper into the story of Panama will be rewarded. Read the book today.Scroll up and get your book now! Read more

Few have a complete understanding of the recent history of Panama, markedly since the signing of the Carter–Torrijos Treaties in 1977. Although the Treaty set the stage for the country to finally control all of its territory, little is known about how Panama has fared, both as a manager of a major waterway and as a sovereign nation in a unique region. Authors Michael L. Conniff and Gene E. Bigler seek to fill this major gap in Latin American history with Modern Panama, a thorough account of the recent political and economic developments in Panama. Despite the country's continued struggle with political corruption, Conniff and Bigler argue that changes since the turnover of the Canal have been largely positive, and Panama has emerged into the twenty-first century as a stable, functioning democracy with a growing economy, improved canal management, and a higher standard of living. Read more

An incisive economic and political history of the Panama CanalOn August 15, 1914, the Panama Canal officially opened for business, forever changing the face of global trade and military power, as well as the role of the United States on the world stage. The Canal's creation is often seen as an example of U.S. triumphalism, but Noel Maurer and Carlos Yu reveal a more complex story. Examining the Canal's influence on Panama, the United States, and the world, The Big Ditch deftly chronicles the economic and political history of the Canal, from Spain's earliest proposals in 1529 through the final handover of the Canal to Panama on December 31, 1999, to the present day.The authors show that the Canal produced great economic dividends for the first quarter-century following its opening, despite massive cost overruns and delays. Relying on geographical advantage and military might, the United States captured most of these benefits. By the 1970s, however, when the Carter administration negotiated the eventual turnover of the Canal back to Panama, the strategic and economic value of the Canal had disappeared. And yet, contrary to skeptics who believed it was impossible for a fledgling nation plagued by corruption to manage the Canal, when the Panamanians finally had control, they switched the Canal from a public utility to a for-profit corporation, ultimately running it better than their northern patrons.A remarkable tale, The Big Ditch offers vital lessons about the impact of large-scale infrastructure projects, American overseas interventions on institutional development, and the ability of governments to run companies effectively. Read more

A highly illustrated study of the wars of Central and South America from 1900 through to 1970, featuring many rare and never-before-seen images.Fully illustrated with a wealth of rare photographs, this fascinating story sheds light on seven decades of a continent in conflict that is rarely covered in English.From the Banana Wars of the early 20th century through to the Football War of 1969, South and Central America has been a hotbed of revolutions, rebellions and conflicts as diverse as they are numerous. Some were small-scale affairs involving the poorly armed forces of Central American armies with rifles, machetes and a few aged machine guns. Others were full-scale conflicts involving sophisticated armies equipped with tanks, artillery and aircraft, and hundreds of thousands of troops. These wars often went largely unreported in the West, which was preoccupied with its own problems in fighting two world wars and dealing with Cold War tensions. Read more

From its 16th-century origins as a Spanish dream to its modern-day operation, this book charts the captivating history of the Panama Canal. Explore the early visions of a trans-isthmian passage, the ill-fated Darien Scheme, and the influence of Alexander von Humboldt's exploration on 19th-century canal plans. Witness the transformative impact of the California Gold Rush and the construction of the Panama Railroad, setting the stage for a global engineering marvel.Delve into the dramatic story of the French canal project under Ferdinand de Lesseps, his audacious sea-level canal vision, the devastating impact of disease, financial mismanagement, and the ensuing Panama Affair. The narrative then shifts to the United States and Theodore Roosevelt's pivotal role in securing the canal's future, the controversial Panamanian Revolution, and the signing of the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty. Follow the American construction effort, highlighting the engineering triumphs of John Stevens and George Goethals, and the crucial battle against tropical diseases led by William Gorgas.The book continues with an exploration of the canal's later developments, including the construction of the Madden Dam, its strategic role during World War II, and the eventual transfer of control to Panama under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties. Finally, it navigates the 21st-century challenges of expansion, competition from alternative routes, water issues, and the unexpected geopolitical tensions surrounding Trump's claims and the Panama Canal Repurchase Act. Experience a comprehensive and engaging account of human ambition, engineering ingenuity, political maneuvering, and the enduring legacy of this iconic waterway. Read more

Estados Unidos invadió Panamá en 1989 y el mundo entero tuvo algo que decir. Las opiniones de entonces reflejaban juicios apresurados sobre las dos noticias más relevantes: un país ocupado y la caída del dictador Manuel Antonio Noriega, aquel exjefe de inteligencia y fiable colaborador de la CIA que resultó más listo y goloso de lo que los norteamericanos esperaban. Las multitudinarias protestas ciudadanas contra la dictadura, seguidas por una sangrienta invasión estadounidense, representan la etapa más dolorosa, cruenta y humillante de la historia de esta nación. Los panameños no la han olvidado, aunque la conocen fragmentada, recuerdan incidentes aislados o anécdotas puntuales. El tiempo ha hecho que queden más dudas que respuestas. Imperdonable sería obviarla. Historia rigurosamente documentada es la que Fernando Berguido nos ofrece en El colapso de Panamá. La historia de la invasión y del fin de la dictadura. Han pasado ya treinta y cinco años de aquellos acontecimientos, y hasta ahora no se había abordado el periodo comprendido entre 1984 y 1989 de forma tan completa y fluida, con entrevistas inéditas a sus protagonistas, relatos desconocidos y documentos confidenciales que ven la luz por primera vez. Puede que quienes vivieron y sufrieron aquellos años descubran hechos que les sorprendan; los más jóvenes encontrarán en esta crónica, que a menudo parece sacada de la más pura ficción, las raíces de su pasado y claves que les ayuden a entender el presente.ENGLISH DESCRIPTION  The United States invaded Panama in 1989, and the whole world had something to say about it. Opinions at the time reflected a rush to judgement about the two biggest news stories: the occupation of a country and the fall of dictator Manuel Antonio Noriega, the one-time head of intelligence and CIA informant who turned out to be shrewder and greedier than the US bargained for.   The mass protests against the dictatorship, followed by the bloody US invasion, were the most painful, brutal and humiliating episodes in Panama’s history. Its citizens have not forgotten what happened, although their accounts are fragmented and revolve around isolated incidents. Time has brought more questions than answers, but forgetting would be unforgivable.     To fill the gap, Fernando Berguido offers us this meticulously documented history of the invasion and the end of the dictatorship. In the thirty-five years since these events, no one has produced such a complete and fluid account of the period between 1984 and 1989, with never-before-published interviews, reports and confidential documents revealed here for the first time. In this review of facts that are often stranger than fiction, those who suffered through those years may discover elements that will surprise them, while younger generations will uncover their country’s past and the keys for understanding its present. Read more

Emperors in the Jungle is an exposé of key episodes in the military involvement of the United States in Panama. Investigative journalism at its best, this book reveals how U.S. ideas about taming tropical jungles and people, combined with commercial and military objectives, shaped more than a century of intervention and environmental engineering in a small, strategically located nation. Whether uncovering the U.S. Army’s decades-long program of chemical weapons tests in Panama or recounting the invasion in December 1989 which was the U.S. military’s twentieth intervention in Panama since 1856, John Lindsay-Poland vividly portrays the extent and costs of U.S. involvement.Analyzing new evidence gathered through interviews, archival research, and Freedom of Information Act requests, Lindsay-Poland discloses the hidden history of U.S.–Panama relations, including the human and environmental toll of the massive canal building project from 1904 to 1914. In stunning detail he describes secret chemical weapons tests—of toxins including nerve agent and Agent Orange—as well as plans developed in the 1960s to use nuclear blasts to create a second canal in Panama. He chronicles sustained efforts by Panamanians and international environmental groups to hold the United States responsible for the disposal of the tens of thousands of explosives it left undetonated on the land it turned over to Panama in 1999. In the context of a relationship increasingly driven by the U.S. antidrug campaigns, Lindsay-Poland reports on the myriad issues that surrounded Panama’s takeover of the canal in accordance with the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty, and he assesses the future prospects for the Panamanian people, land, and canal area. Bringing to light historical legacies unknown to most U.S. citizens or even to many Panamanians, Emperors in the Jungle is a major contribution toward a new, more open relationship between Panama and the United States. Read more

The Panama Canal's untold history―from the Panamanian point of view. Sleuth and scholar Marixa Lasso recounts how the canal’s American builders displaced 40,000 residents and erased entire towns in the guise of bringing modernity to the tropics.The Panama Canal set a new course for the modern development of Central America. Cutting a convenient path from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans, it hastened the currents of trade and migration that were already reshaping the Western hemisphere. Yet the waterway was built at considerable cost to a way of life that had characterized the region for centuries. In Erased, Marixa Lasso recovers the history of the Panamanian cities and towns that once formed the backbone of the republic.Drawing on vast and previously untapped archival sources and personal recollections, Lasso describes the canal’s displacement of peasants, homeowners, and shop owners, and chronicles the destruction of a centuries-old commercial culture and environment. On completion of the canal, the United States engineered a tropical idyll to replace the lost cities and towns―a space miraculously cleansed of poverty, unemployment, and people―which served as a convenient backdrop to the manicured suburbs built exclusively for Americans. By restoring the sounds, sights, and stories of a world wiped clean by U.S. commerce and political ambition, Lasso compellingly pushes back against a triumphalist narrative that erases the contribution of Latin America to its own history. Read more

In 1964, Edwin and Jean Armbruster left their home in the United States to raise their family on the Panama Canal Zone, a little known American territory in the Central American country of Panama. In Canal Zone Daughter, Judy (Armbruster) Haisten chronicles her unique childhood culminating to the crushing loss when former President Jimmy Carter signs treaties that effectively eliminates her -and fellow U.S. citizens' -former home. Charming, funny, and poignant, the author captures her remarkable American story in an exotic place and time. canalzonedaughter.comWinner of International Book Awards for U.S. history and multi-cultural nonfiction; Mom's Choice Award, and finalist in USA Book News for narrative non-fiction. Read more

One of the most popular cruise itineraries is the transit of the Panama Canal on a journey between Los Angeles or San Francisco, California and either Miami or Fort Lauderdale, Florida. For many a transit through the Panama Canal fulfills a lifetime dream, as there is no other canal on earth as famous or that symbolizes as much as does this manmade wonder, opened in 1914. Other cruise itineraries include a transit through the canal, especially on the route between the west coast of South America and Florida or as part of an around the world cruise. Some cruise lines also offer an end of season repositioning cruise between Vancouver, Canada and Florida at the start of the fall season to prepare for the Caribbean itineraries or in mid spring to be ready for the Alaska cruise experience. The Panama Canal is a masterpiece of engineering at a time when such a project was more dream than reality. Since its completion in 1914, the canal has a been a vital link between both American class and a strategic part of national security. To traverse the canal is considered to be one of those ultimate journeys that every global traveler must make.This book details the journey seen both from east to west and west to east. And it includes details on the journey through the newly created enlarged locks, which most cruise ships will not take, as the new sets of locks are for what are known as mega size cruise and passenger ships. Read more

This book chronicles the dawn of the global movement for women's rights in the first decades of the twentieth century. The founding mothers of this movement were not based primarily in the United States, however, or in Europe. Instead, Katherine M. Marino introduces readers to a cast of remarkable Latin American and Caribbean women whose deep friendships and intense rivalries forged global feminism out of an era of imperialism, racism, and fascism. Six dynamic activists form the heart of this story: from Brazil, Bertha Lutz; from Cuba, Ofelia Domíngez Navarro; from Uruguay, Paulina Luisi; from Panama, Clara González; from Chile, Marta Vergara; and from the United States, Doris Stevens. This Pan-American network drove a transnational movement that advocated women's suffrage, equal pay for equal work, maternity rights, and broader self-determination. Their painstaking efforts led to the enshrinement of women's rights in the United Nations Charter and the development of a framework for international human rights. But their work also revealed deep divides, with Latin American activists overcoming U.S. presumptions to feminist superiority. As Marino shows, these early fractures continue to influence divisions among today's activists along class, racial, and national lines.Marino's multinational and multilingual research yields a new narrative for the creation of global feminism. The leading women introduced here were forerunners in understanding the power relations at the heart of international affairs. Their drive to enshrine fundamental rights for women, children, and all people of the world stands as a testament to what can be accomplished when global thinking meets local action. Read more

PANAMA 1914 IS NOW BOARDING! Ripped from the headlines and original news stories from 100 years ago! This book is a "must read" prior to taking a cruise through the Panama Canal, as the reader will not only learn the history of this project but will also learn how the canal operates. Join this great voyage through the history of the Panama Canal, which is, one hundred years after its completion, on the eve of a new chapter in its spectacular history. From the early explorers, many seeking a critical water connection between two of the world’s great oceans to the determination of the best engineers of America, the BIG DIG finally opened for shipping – you can be on board! What stood in the way of making this canal a reality? Dense jungle, bottomless swamps, snakes and wild animals, endless mountain slides, vicious mosquito borne illnesses, hostile Indians, marauding pirates and buccaneers, and jealous colonial-era world powers, just to name a few. The story of the Panama Canal is told in this book through the original news reports of the day along with great photos of the construction efforts, gripping illustrations and editorial cartoons that appeared in many publications. In addition, the detailed chronicles of veteran newspaperman Logan Marshall have been restored, edited and abridged by the author. The story told so well one hundred years ago has been newly enhanced, researched and the verbiage brought up to date. PANAMA 1914 provides the reader with a full understanding of the aborted tries, the competing routes, and the lambasting of President Teddy Roosevelt at the hands of the press as well as interesting anecdotes of history. For instance: learn about the practice of renting gravesites, much like today’s storage lockers. What happened when the relatives of the deceased failed to pay the rent? Scotland sent settlers to establish a colony at Panama. What happened? Of eight hundred Chinese workers who arrived to work on the canal and railroad, hundreds committed suicide and all of them either died or left, due to pestilence and turmoil. Why did hundreds of them fling themselves into the ocean? A custom-made $40,000 Pullman car for a French canal company big shot was only part of the way the funds of investors were squandered in the failed effort that led to the takeover by the United States. What was the real cost to build this spectacular ditch? What happened when the U. S. House of Representatives had to decide whether to build the canal through Panama or plan a trip through Lake Nicaragua? The desperate dash of the USS Oregon to travel the long distance from the west coast around South America to help defend the east coast from a Spanish Armada reportedly heading to attack! That episode helped push the decision to enable America to quickly move ships from one ocean to the other – with the construction of the Panama Canal. Corruption, charges and counter-charges went on for many years after this: in March, 1899, Marshall wrote “Congress authorized the President to make an exhaustive investigation as to the most practicable and feasible Isthmian route for a canal that should be under the complete control of the United States and the absolute property of the nation”. A lobbyist stepped in and the key legislators learned about an explosive potential in one country which led to a decision being finally made to build the $375,000,000 water connection between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Step aboard the ship of history and don’t forget your mosquito netting. – Ken Rossignol Read more

From the 1520s through the 1580s, thousands of African slaves fled captivity in Spanish Panama and formed their own communities in the interior of the isthmus. African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama, a primary source reader, edited by Robert C. Schwaller, documents this marronage in the context of five decades of African resistance to slavery. The self-sufficiency of the Maroons, along with their periodic raids against Spanish settlements, sparked armed conflict as Spaniards sought to conquer the maroon communities and kill or re-enslave their populations. After decades of struggle, Maroons succeeded in negotiating a peace with Spanish authorities and establishing the first two free Black towns in the Americas. The little-known details of this dramatic history emerge in these pages, traced through official Spanish accounts, reports, and royal edicts, as well as excerpts from several English sources that recorded alliances between Maroons and English privateers in the region. The contrasting Spanish and English accounts reveal Maroons' attempts to turn European antagonism to their advantage; and, significantly, several accounts feature direct testimony from Maroons. Most importantly, this reader includes translations of the first peace agreements made between a European empire and African Maroons, and the founding documents of the free-Black communities of Santiago del Príncipe and Santa Cruz la Real—the culmination of the first successful African resistance movement in the Americas. Schwaller has translated all the documents into English and presents each with a short introduction, thorough annotations, and full historical, cultural, and geographical context, making this volume accessible to undergraduate students while remaining a unique document collection for scholars.   Read more

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